| Sediment filtration | Suspended dirt, silt, rust flakes and particles above the filter’s effective rating. | Dissolved salts, hardness, chlorine, microbes or dissolved metals. | Particle load, micron rating, pressure loss, washable versus disposable, service interval. |
| Activated carbon | Commonly used for chlorine, taste, odour and selected organic compounds. | Hardness, fluoride, dissolved salts, nitrate and every PFAS compound or microorganism. | Carbon type, media volume, flow, contact time, certification and replacement point. |
| Catalytic carbon | Often selected where chloramine reduction is a key goal. | It is not proof of performance merely because the word “catalytic” appears on a label. | Influent level, empty-bed contact time, flow rate, media mass and verified test basis. |
| Specialty adsorptive media | Targeted reduction of a defined substance such as selected metals, fluoride or PFAS depending on the exact media. | Universal contaminant removal or unlimited capacity. | Independent testing, capacity, competing ions, pH, flow, disposal and breakthrough monitoring. |
| Ion-exchange softener | Removes calcium and magnesium hardness ions and replaces them according to system chemistry. | It is not a sediment, carbon or disinfection stage. | Hardness load, salt use, regeneration, drainage, sodium implications and maintenance. |
| Scale conditioning | Designed to change scale behaviour or reduce adhesion depending on technology. | It may not remove hardness minerals or produce the same result as true softening. | Evidence for the device, water chemistry, temperature and expected outcome. |
| UV disinfection | Inactivates susceptible microorganisms when adequate dose reaches clear water. | Sediment, colour, taste, chemicals, hardness or dissolved contaminants. | UV transmittance, dose, peak flow, pretreatment, alarms, lamp and sleeve maintenance. |
| Reverse osmosis | Point-of-use reduction of many dissolved substances through a membrane. | Standard under-sink RO is not normally a practical whole-home flow solution. | Water pressure, recovery, wastewater, storage, remineralisation, sanitising and membrane replacement. |
| Testing and source control | Identifies the actual issue and can prevent treating the wrong cause. | A report alone does not physically change the water. | Accredited laboratory, correct sampling, hot/cold comparison, seasonal variation and utility data. |